Indirect Computing Model with Indirect Formal Method

A new preprint proposes an “indirect computing model” paired with an “indirect formal method” to shift cloud infrastructure from data centers to knowledge centers, building on foundational work by Turing, Kleene, and von Neumann [1]. The paper, posted to arXiv in May 2026, frames the approach within a collaborative intelligent computing system that combines a human-computer interface with collaborative computing programs [1]. The author systematically reviews the influence of Turing’s computability theory, Kleene’s formal theory of small strings, von Neumann’s digital computer architecture, and Turing’s hypothesis on AI judgment on the mainstream general-purpose digital computer paradigm [1]. The indirect computing model supplies a series of algorithms, while the indirect formal method provides optimized data structures; together they form what the paper calls a “twin Turing machine virtual computing program” [3]. The twin-machine construct first converges Turing’s computable numbers in the target domain and then addresses the double-transformation constraints of NP-complete problems — deepening understanding from P to NP and simplifying expression from NP to P [3]. The indirect formal path is designed to be compatible with both large and small strings, extending beyond string processing to characters, formulas, diagrams, tables, sounds, images, three-dimensional objects, and living bodies [3]. A prototype collaborative intelligent computing system is illustrated using Chinese information data, demonstrating a virtual cloud computing model that maps decimal numbers to indirectly computable monosyllabic characters [5]. The stated significance is an optimization of existing cloud computing from data centers to knowledge centers [1]. This reframing echoes long-standing efforts in computer science to abstract computation beyond the von Neumann architecture. Register machines, for instance, are a generic class of abstract machines that are Turing complete but use multiple uniquely addressed registers instead of a tape and head, and they underpin virtual machines that reduce dependency on specific hardware [7]. The paper’s human-computer interface dimension also intersects with speech-act theory, which treats utterances as rule-governed social actions — asserting, requesting, promising — and has been applied in computer science to model human-computer interaction and multi-agent system communication [6].